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Author(s):
Ben M. Hause 1 , 2 , * ,
Mariette Ducatez 3 ,
Emily A. Collin 1 ,
Zhiguang Ran 2 , 4 ,
Runxia Liu 2 , 4 ,
Zizhang Sheng 5 ,
Anibal Armien 6 ,
Bryan Kaplan 3 ,
Suvobrata Chakravarty 5 ,
Adam D. Hoppe 5 ,
Richard J. Webby 3 ,
Randy R. Simonson 1 ,
Feng Li 2 , 4 , *
Publication date (Electronic): 7 February 2013
Journal: PLoS Pathogens
Publisher: Public Library of Science
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Of the Orthomyxoviridae family of viruses, only influenza A viruses are thought to exist as multiple subtypes and has non-human maintenance hosts. In April 2011, nasal swabs were collected for virus isolation from pigs exhibiting influenza-like illness. Subsequent electron microscopic, biochemical, and genetic studies identified an orthomyxovirus with seven RNA segments exhibiting approximately 50% overall amino acid identity to human influenza C virus. Based on its genetic organizational similarities to influenza C viruses this virus has been provisionally designated C/Oklahoma/1334/2011 (C/OK). Phylogenetic analysis of the predicted viral proteins found that the divergence between C/OK and human influenza C viruses was similar to that observed between influenza A and B viruses. No cross reactivity was observed between C/OK and human influenza C viruses using hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assays. Additionally, screening of pig and human serum samples found that 9.5% and 1.3%, respectively, of individuals had measurable HI antibody titers to C/OK virus. C/OK virus was able to infect both ferrets and pigs and transmit to naive animals by direct contact. Cell culture studies showed that C/OK virus displayed a broader cellular tropism than a human influenza C virus. The observed difference in cellular tropism was further supported by structural analysis showing that hemagglutinin esterase (HE) proteins between two viruses have conserved enzymatic but divergent receptor-binding sites. These results suggest that C/OK virus represents a new subtype of influenza C viruses that currently circulates in pigs that has not been recognized previously. The presence of multiple subtypes of co-circulating influenza C viruses raises the possibility of reassortment and antigenic shift as mechanisms of influenza C virus evolution. Influenza C viruses infect most humans during childhood. Unlike influenza A viruses, influenza C viruses exhibit little genetic variability and evolve at a comparably slower rate. Influenza A viruses exist as multiple subtypes and cause disease in numerous mammals. In contrast, influenza C viruses are comprised of a single subtype in its primary human host. Here we characterize a novel swine influenza virus, C/swine/Oklahoma/1334/2011 (C/OK), having only modest genetic similarity to human influenza C viruses. No cross-reaction was observed between C/OK and human influenza C viruses. Antibodies that cross react with C/OK were identified in a significant number of swine but not human sera samples, suggesting that C/OK circulates in pigs. Additionally, we show that C/OK is capable of infecting and transmitting by direct contact in both pigs and ferrets. These results suggest that C/OK represents a new subtype of influenza C viruses. This is significant, as co-circulation of multiple subtypes of influenza allows for rapid viral evolution through antigenic shift, a property previously only shown for influenza A viruses. The ability of C/OK to infect ferrets along with the absence of antibodies to C/OK in humans, suggests that such viruses may become a potential threat to human health. Abstract
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D Eisenberg, R Lüthy, J U Bowie (1997)
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Protein annotation and modelling servers at University College London
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The UCL Bioinformatics Group web portal offers several high quality protein structure prediction and function annotation algorithms including PSIPRED, pGenTHREADER, pDomTHREADER, MEMSAT, MetSite, DISOPRED2, DomPred and FFPred for the prediction of secondary structure, protein fold, protein structural domain, transmembrane helix topology, metal binding sites, regions of protein disorder, protein domain boundaries and protein function, respectively. We also now offer a fully automated 3D modelling pipeline: BioSerf, which performed well in CASP8 and uses a fragment-assembly approach which placed it in the top five servers in the de novo modelling category. The servers are available via the group web site at http://bioinf.cs.ucl.ac.uk/ .
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Simultaneous detection of influenza A, B, and C viruses, respiratory syncytial virus, and adenoviruses in clinical samples by multiplex reverse transcription nested-PCR assay.
Inmaculada Casas, Susana Garcia, P. Rodriguez Perez … (2002)
The clinical presentation of infections caused by the heterogeneous group of the respiratory viruses can be very similar. Thus, the implementation of virological assays that rapidly identify the most important viruses involved is of great interest. A new multiplex reverse transcription nested-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay that is able to detect and type different respiratory viruses simultaneously is described. Primer sets were targeted to conserved regions of nucleoprotein genes of the influenza viruses, fusion protein genes of respiratory syncytial viruses (RSV), and hexon protein genes of adenoviruses. Individual influenza A, B, and C viruses, RSV (A and B), and a generic detection of the 48 serotypes of adenoviruses were identified and differentiated by the size of the PCR products. An internal amplification control was included in the reaction mixture to exclude false-negative results due to sample inhibitors and/or extraction failure. Detection levels of 0.1 and 0.01 TCID50 of influenza A and B viruses and 1-10 molecules of cloned amplified products of influenza C virus, RSV A and B, and adenovirus serotype 1 were achieved. The specificity was checked using specimens containing other respiratory viruses and no amplified products were detected in any case. A panel of 290 respiratory specimens from the 1999-2000 and 2000-2001 seasons was used to validate the assay. Accurately amplifying RNA from influenza and RSV prototype strains and DNA from all adenovirus serotypes demonstrates the use of this method for both laboratory routine diagnosis and surveillance of all these viruses. Copyright 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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Author and article information
Contributors
Ron A. M. Fouchier: Role: Editor
Journal
Journal ID (nlm-ta): PLoS Pathog
Journal ID (iso-abbrev): PLoS Pathog
Journal ID (publisher-id): plos
Journal ID (pmc): plospath
Title: PLoS Pathogens
Publisher: Public Library of Science (San Francisco, USA )
ISSN (Print): 1553-7366
ISSN (Electronic): 1553-7374
Publication date Collection: February 2013
Publication date (Print): February 2013
Publication date (Electronic): 7 February 2013
Volume: 9
Issue: 2
Electronic Location Identifier: e1003176
Affiliations
[2 ]Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, United States of America
[3 ]Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
[4 ]Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, United States of America
[5 ]Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, United States of America
Author notes
* E-mail: bhause@ 123456newportlabs.com (BMH); feng.li@ 123456sdstate.edu (FL)
Article
Publisher ID: PPATHOGENS-D-12-02268
DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003176
PMC ID: 3567177
PubMed ID: 23408893
SO-VID: 5fdf977e-86a9-4761-8760-3da8d3bc25e6
Copyright statement: Copyright @ 2013
License:
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
History
Date received : 29 August 2012
Date accepted : 19 December 2012
Page count
Pages: 11
Funding
This work was funded by Newport Laboratories, SDSU AES 3AH-203 fund and the South Dakota 2010 Research Center, BCAPP (Biological Control and Analysis of Applied Photonics), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services under Contract No. HHSN266200700005C. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Categories
Subject: Research Article
Subject: Biology
Subject: Microbiology
Subject: Virology
Subject: Viral Classification
Subject: Viral Evolution
Subject: Viral Transmission and Infection
Subject: Emerging Infectious Diseases
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